{"id":1432,"date":"2025-10-31T11:21:48","date_gmt":"2025-10-31T05:51:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/?page_id=1432"},"modified":"2025-10-31T11:21:49","modified_gmt":"2025-10-31T05:51:49","slug":"periodic-trends-in-electron-affinity","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/periodic-trends-in-electron-affinity\/","title":{"rendered":"Periodic Trends In Electron Affinity"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/electron-affinity-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"819\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/electron-affinity-1-819x1024.png\" alt=\"Periodic Trends - Electron Affinity\" class=\"wp-image-1434\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/electron-affinity-1-819x1024.png 819w, https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/electron-affinity-1-240x300.png 240w, https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/electron-affinity-1-768x960.png 768w, https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/electron-affinity-1.png 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 819px) 100vw, 819px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Electron Affinity (EA) \u2013 Definition, Trends, and Exceptions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Is Electron Affinity?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Electron affinity (EA)<\/strong> refers to the <strong>energy change<\/strong> that occurs when a <strong>gaseous atom gains an electron<\/strong> to form a <strong>negative ion (anion)<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">X(g)\u00a0+\u00a0e\u207b\u00a0\u2192\u00a0X\u207b(g)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">When an atom attracts an incoming electron, it <strong>forms a new electrostatic interaction<\/strong> between the nucleus and the added electron. This attraction <strong>releases energy<\/strong>, which we call <strong>electron affinity (EA)<\/strong> or <strong>electron gain enthalpy (\u2206H<sub>e<\/sub>.<sub>g<\/sub>)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Key Points About Electron Affinity(EA)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">EA is usually an <strong>exothermic process<\/strong> (energy released), so the value is <strong>negative<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">EA is measured in <strong>kilojoules per mole (kJ\/mol)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">EA is also called <strong>electron gain enthalpy (\u2206H<sub>e<\/sub>.<sub>g<\/sub>)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">A <strong>more negative EA<\/strong> means the atom <strong>strongly attracts an electron<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">A <strong>less negative EA<\/strong> means the atom has a <strong>weaker tendency<\/strong> to gain an electron.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">A <strong>positive EA<\/strong> indicates <strong>no tendency to gain an electron<\/strong>\u2014as seen in <strong>noble gases<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">A nearly <strong>zero EA<\/strong> suggests a very <strong>low tendency<\/strong> to accept an electron.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-medium-font-size\">Example Values:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>F(g) + e\u207b \u2192 F\u207b(g)<\/strong>\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2206H = <strong>\u2013328 kJ\/mol<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>O(g) + e\u207b \u2192 O\u207b(g)<\/strong>\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2206H = <strong>\u2013141 kJ\/mol<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Factors Affecting Electron Affinity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <strong>Atomic Size<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Smaller atoms<\/strong>: Smaller atoms <strong>hold valence electrons closer<\/strong> to the nucleus. As a result, they <strong>attract additional electrons more effectively<\/strong> and <strong>release more energy<\/strong>. So, smaller atoms show <strong>higher (more negative) EA<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">In contrast, larger atoms <strong>have valence shells farther from the nucleus<\/strong>. The incoming electron experiences <strong>weaker attraction<\/strong>, so the atom <strong>releases less energy<\/strong>. Therefore, larger atoms show <strong>lower EA<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <strong>Stability of Electron Configuration<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">When an atom already has a <strong>stable configuration<\/strong>, it doesn\u2019t want to gain another electron. For example, elements in the <strong>beryllium family (Group IIA)<\/strong> with a filled s-subshell and those in the <strong>nitrogen family (Group VA)<\/strong> with a half-filled p-subshell <strong>resist gaining electrons<\/strong>. Consequently, these elements show <strong>lower electron affinity<\/strong> than their neighbors.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Stable-Electron-Configurations-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"944\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Stable-Electron-Configurations-2-1024x944.jpg\" alt=\"Stable Electron Configurations\" class=\"wp-image-1506\" style=\"width:563px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Stable-Electron-Configurations-2-1024x944.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Stable-Electron-Configurations-2-300x277.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Stable-Electron-Configurations-2-768x708.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Stable-Electron-Configurations-2-1536x1416.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Stable-Electron-Configurations-2-2048x1888.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. <strong>Inter-electronic Repulsion<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Atoms in <strong>Period 2<\/strong> (like F, O, N) have <strong>small atomic sizes<\/strong>. When they accept an electron, the added electron faces <strong>strong repulsion<\/strong> from existing electrons in their compact orbitals. This reduces the energy released and results in <strong>lower-than-expected EA values<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">For instance, even though fluorine is more electronegative than chlorine, it shows <strong>less negative EA<\/strong> due to stronger inter-electron repulsions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> Important Note About <strong>Second Electron Gain Enthalpies<\/strong> :<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Second electron gain enthalpies<\/strong> are always <strong>positive<\/strong>, as the electron is being added to an already negative ion, increasing <strong>repulsion<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">O\u207b(g)\u00a0+\u00a0e\u207b\u00a0\u2192\u00a0O\u00b2\u207b(g)\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2206H=+780kJ\/mol<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The <strong>first EA<\/strong> is negative (energy released).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The <strong>second EA<\/strong> is positive (energy required to overcome repulsion).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Periodic Trends in Electron Affinity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Down a Group: EA Becomes Less Negative<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">As atomic size increases, the distance between the nucleus and valence shell increases.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">This weakens nuclear attraction, so <strong>less energy is released<\/strong> when an atom gains an electron.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Exception: Second Period Elements<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Elements like <strong>O, N, F<\/strong> have <strong>smaller EA<\/strong> than expected due to <strong>high inter-electronic repulsion<\/strong> in their compact orbitals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Observed trend:<\/strong><br>EA <strong>F &lt; Cl<\/strong>,\u2003EA <strong>O &lt; S<\/strong>,\u2003EA <strong>N &lt; P<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Chlorine<\/strong> has the <strong>highest (most negative) electron affinity<\/strong> in the periodic table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Across a Period: EA Becomes More Negative<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-medium-font-size\">\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Atomic size decreases \u2192 electrons are added closer to the nucleus \u2192 stronger attraction \u2192 <strong>more energy released<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Electron affinity increases<\/strong> (becomes more negative) across a period from left to right.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Exceptions Across a Period<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Some groups show <strong>unexpected dips<\/strong> in EA due to electronic stability:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Group IIA (ns\u00b2):<\/strong> Full s-subshell \u2192 <strong>low EA<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Group VA (ns\u00b2np\u00b3):<\/strong> Half-filled p-subshell \u2192 <strong>low EA<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Group 18 (noble gases):<\/strong> Full shells \u2192 <strong>positive EA<\/strong> (adding an electron requires energy)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Final Takeaway For Periodic Trends In Electron Affinity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>EA becomes more negative across a period<\/strong> and <strong>less negative down a group<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Atoms with stable configurations or high inter-electron repulsion resist gaining electrons<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>Second EA values<\/strong> are always <strong>positive<\/strong> due to repulsion in anions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The <strong>most negative EA<\/strong> is found in <strong>Group 17 (halogens)<\/strong>\u2014especially <strong>chlorine<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Periodic-Trends-In-Electron-Affinity.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"895\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Periodic-Trends-In-Electron-Affinity-1024x895.jpg\" alt=\"Periodic Trends In Electron Affinity\" class=\"wp-image-1507\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Periodic-Trends-In-Electron-Affinity-1024x895.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Periodic-Trends-In-Electron-Affinity-300x262.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Periodic-Trends-In-Electron-Affinity-768x671.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Periodic-Trends-In-Electron-Affinity-1536x1342.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Periodic-Trends-In-Electron-Affinity.jpg 1957w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Periodic-Trends-In-Electron-Affinity1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"876\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Periodic-Trends-In-Electron-Affinity1-1024x876.jpg\" alt=\"Periodic Trends In Electron Affinity1\" class=\"wp-image-1508\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Periodic-Trends-In-Electron-Affinity1-1024x876.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Periodic-Trends-In-Electron-Affinity1-300x257.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Periodic-Trends-In-Electron-Affinity1-768x657.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Periodic-Trends-In-Electron-Affinity1.jpg 1209w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><div class=\"h5p-iframe-wrapper\"><iframe id=\"h5p-iframe-12\" class=\"h5p-iframe\" data-content-id=\"12\" style=\"height:1px\" src=\"about:blank\" frameBorder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"Periodic Trends In Electron Affinity\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Electron Affinity (EA) \u2013 Definition, Trends, and Exceptions What Is Electron Affinity? Electron affinity (EA) refers to the energy change that occurs when a gaseous atom gains an electron to form a negative ion (anion): X(g)\u00a0+\u00a0e\u207b\u00a0\u2192\u00a0X\u207b(g) When an atom attracts an incoming electron, it forms a new electrostatic interaction between the nucleus and the added &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/periodic-trends-in-electron-affinity\/\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Periodic Trends In Electron Affinity<\/span> Read More &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[44],"class_list":["post-1432","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-periodic-trends-of-elements"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Electron 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