{"id":959,"date":"2022-03-01T23:29:11","date_gmt":"2022-03-01T17:59:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/?p=959"},"modified":"2022-03-01T23:32:55","modified_gmt":"2022-03-01T18:02:55","slug":"quantum-field-theory-an-introduction-to-quantum-mechanics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/quantum-field-theory-an-introduction-to-quantum-mechanics\/","title":{"rendered":"Quantum Field Theory: An Introduction to Quantum Mechanics"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By Mehr Grewal<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What is a particle? This is a question that scientists have been trying to answer for decades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fortunately, quantum mechanical breakthroughs have enabled us to gain a better understanding of what a particle is and how particles came to make up our world. More fundamental than the particles themselves, according to quantum mechanics, are their underlying quantum \u201cfields.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Quantum field theory defines a particle as an excited state, or quanta, of its underlying quantum field.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To understand what this means, we must first examine the history of quantum field theory, which really begins hundreds of years ago with Isaac Newton and his law of universal gravitation. It was puzzling to him how objects that had never come in contact could exert a force on each other. Newton reasoned that there had to be something mediating the interactions between distant objects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Later, in 1845, Michael Faraday formulated our modern definition of a \u201cfield.\u201d He speculated that instead of considering the gravitational force as \u201caction at a distance,\u201d it should instead be considered invisible \u201clines of force\u201d that connected distant objects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Later, physicists came to realize that light is \u201cquantized;\u201d it cannot be absorbed or emitted in any arbitrary amount and instead occurs in \u201cpackets\u201d of energy initially called <em>photons<\/em>. It is important to note that we usually hear the term \u201cquanta\u201d as synonymous with photons, but photons are better defined as the <em>quanta of light<\/em>. In truth, all force is quantized, a central point of the quantum field theory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Until the advent of quantum electrodynamics, particles and quantum fields were treated as 2, separate, noninteracting \u201cingredients.\u201d In the 1920s, however, scientists began contemplating the interaction between light and electrons as a possible source of the electromagnetic force. This work was supported by the Standard Model, which led to its wide acceptance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At this time, scientists were also trying to explain a process called <em>spontaneous emission.<\/em> Spontaneous emission occurs when a quantum mechanical system releases energy in the form of a photon to \u201cspontaneously decay\u201d to a more stable ground state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Spontaneous emission is the source of most of the light we see around us. The equation for spontaneous emission is as below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"375\" height=\"105\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-961\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image.png 375w, https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-300x84.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">E2 is the energy of the system in the excited state and E1 is the energy of the system at ground state. H-bar is the Reduced Planck Constant. H-bar is defined as h\/2pi , and it is used when we wish to talk about a particle in terms of revolutions or rotations. W is the <em>angular frequency<\/em>, which is measured in rotations (radians) per second.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is crucial to note that: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-962\" width=\"240\" height=\"78\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">and both define a photon in terms of its energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"975\" height=\"429\" src=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-963\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-2.png 975w, https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-2-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/image-2-768x338.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 975px) 100vw, 975px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It was deduced by physicists that even in a vacuum, an oscillating electromagnetic field is present that results in spontaneous emission of particles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After this discovery, a team of scientists led by the leading theoretical physicists at the time including Werner Heisenberg, Pascual Jordan, and Enrico Fermi realized that each fundamental particle corresponded to a respective quantum field that, when energized, would result in the production of these particles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As predicted by the Standard Model, there are 24 fundamental quantum fields; however, the Universe itself can be described as one quantum field that explains all the particles that exist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Admittedly, quantum field theory is an ambiguous area that stands at the frontiers of physics. However, as physics progresses toward a single Unified Theory of Everything that explains the entire Universe, the veil of mystery surrounding quantum mechanics will finally begin to lift.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Mehr Grewal What is a particle? This is a question that scientists have been trying to answer for decades. Fortunately, quantum mechanical breakthroughs have enabled us to gain a better understanding of what a particle is and how particles came to make up our world. More fundamental than the particles themselves, according to quantum &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/quantum-field-theory-an-introduction-to-quantum-mechanics\/\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Quantum Field Theory: An Introduction to Quantum Mechanics<\/span> Read More &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-959","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quantum-mechanics"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Quantum Field Theory: An Introduction to Quantum Mechanics - Online Chemistry Tutor<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chemtopper.com\/myblog\/quantum-field-theory-an-introduction-to-quantum-mechanics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Quantum Field Theory: An Introduction to Quantum Mechanics - Online Chemistry Tutor\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Mehr Grewal What is a particle? This is a question that scientists have been trying to answer for decades. Fortunately, quantum mechanical breakthroughs have enabled us to gain a better understanding of what a particle is and how particles came to make up our world. 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