Important Chemical Reactions

Important Chemical Reactions

Concise, exam-oriented pathways with clear, stepwise transformations.

Deriving Sulphuric Acid From Sulphur

3 steps

Sulphuric acid is derived in three steps:

Step 1

Burn S in O₂

S + O2 → SO2
→
Step 2

Oxidize SO₂ (V₂O₅ catalyst)

2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3
→
Step 3

Absorb SO₃ in H₂O

SO3 + H2O → H2SO4

Deriving Calcium Hydroxide From Calcium

2 steps

Slaked lime is prepared in two steps:

  • 1) Burn Ca in air to get quicklime

    2Ca + O2 → 2CaO

  • 2) “Slake” CaO with water to form Ca(OH)₂

    CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

Converting Nitrogen to Nitrous & Nitric Acids

3 steps

Three-step process:

  • 1) N₂ + O₂ → 2NO

    N2 + O2 → 2NO

  • 2) 2NO + O₂ → 2NO₂

    2NO + O2 → 2NO2

  • 3) 2NO₂ + H₂O → HNO₂ + HNO₃

    2NO2 + H2O → HNO2 + HNO3

Using Nitrogen To Prepare Ammonia Solution

2 steps

Two-step process:

  • 1) N₂ + 3H₂ → 2NH₃ (high T, P, catalyst)

    N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

  • 2) NH₃ + H₂O → NH₄OH

    NH3 + H2O → NH4OH

Using Sodium To Prepare Sodium Hydroxide

2 methods

Two methods:

  • 1) 2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂

    2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2

  • 2) 4Na + O₂ → 2Na₂O; then Na₂O + H₂O → 2NaOH

    4Na + O2 → 2Na2O
    Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH

Ferric & Ferrous Hydroxide Production

Fe³⁺ vs Fe²⁺

Ferric (Fe³⁺):

2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3

FeCl3 + 3H2O → Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl

Ferrous (Fe²⁺):

Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2

FeCl2 + 2H2O → Fe(OH)2 + 2HCl

Distinguishing Mixture vs. Compound

HCl test

  • Mixture: Fe + S + 2HCl → FeCl₂ + S + H₂ (blue-flame pop)

    Fe + S + 2HCl → FeCl2 + S + H2

  • Compound: FeS + 2HCl → FeCl₂ + H₂S (rotten-smell gas)

    FeS + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2S

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